DSM-5 Pathological Personality Traits Among College Students / Rasgos de Personalidad Patológica según el DSM-5 en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios

Abstract Individuals with personality pathology exhibit significant impairment in intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning that compromise psychological welfare of significant others. However, common pathological personality traits in college students remain unclear. This study aimed to describe pathological personality traits identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., DSM-5) Section III alternative model of personality disorder in college students. This is a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional study. Participants were 81 college students from a Colombian University who were administered the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. Findings suggest that women scored significantly higher than men on hostility (z=-2.577; p=0.01; n 2 = 0.082). A medium size effect was found (p> 0.039) through the ( 2 index. The remaining variables did not prove statistically significant differences when controlling the participant gender (p < 0.05). The personality domain that reached the most dysfunctionality was disinhibition (risk taking, impulsivity, rigid perfectionism). Negative affect had the highest mean score and gender differences in facets and domains showed that women scored significantly higher than men on hostility. However, more studies into the pathological personality traits established by the PID-5 is required if the shift to a dimensional model is likely to occur in future editions of the DSM.

Resumen Las personas con patologías de la personalidad exhiben un deterioro significativo en el funcionamiento inter-intrapersonal que compromete el bienestar psicológico de los más cercanos. Sin embargo, los rasgos de personalidad patológica más comunes en estudiantes universitarios aún no son muy claros. Este estudio busca describir los rasgos de personalidad patológica identificados en el manual diagnóstico y estadístico de trastornos mentales (DSM-5), en estudiantes universitarios. Este es un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, no experimental. Los participantes fueron 81 estudiantes del programa de psicología de una Universidad Colombiana quienes fueron evaluados por medio del Inventario de personalidad para el DSM-5. Los hallazgos sugieren que las mujeres tuvieron puntuaciones significativamente más altas que los hombres en hostilidad (z=-2.577; p=0.01; n 2 = 0.082). Se encontró un tamaño del efecto medio (p> 0.039) por medio del índice ( 2 . En las demás variables no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto al género (p < 0.05). Inhibición presentó el grado más alto de disfuncionalidad. Afecto negativo obtuvo la puntuación promedio más alta y las diferencias de género muestran que las mujeres tienden a ser más hostiles que los hombres. Sin embargo, son necesarios más estudios sobre los rasgos de personalidad patológica propuestos por el Inventario de personalidad para el DSM-5 si a futuro se propone un modelo dimensional.

Effects of Repetitive High Frequency Motor Cortex Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Cortical Disinhibition in Diabetic Patients with Neuropathic Pain: A Case Control Study

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cortical disinhibition in diabetic patients with neuropathic pain and without pain. In addition, we assessed the cortical disinhibition and pain relief after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).METHOD: We recruited diabetic patients with neuropathic pain (n = 15) and without pain (n = 15). We compared the TMS parameters such as motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude, cortical silent period (CSP), intracortical inhibition (ICI %) and intracortical facilitation (ICF %) between two groups. Moreover, we evaluated the changes of pain and TMS parameters after five consecutive high frequency (10 Hz) rTMS sessions in diabetic patients with neuropathic pain. The neuropathic pain intensity (visual analog scale) and TMS parameters were assessed on pre-rTMS, post-rTMS 1day, and post-rTMS 5 day.RESULTS: The comparison of the CSP, ICI % revealed significant differences between two groups (p<0.01). After rTMS sessions, the decrease in pain intensity across the three time points revealed a pattern of significant differences (p<0.01). The change of CSP and ICI % across the three test points revealed a pattern of significant differences (p<0.01). The ICI % revealed immediate increase after first rTMS application and significant increase after five rTMS application (p<0.01) in diabetic patients with neuropathic pain. The MEP amplitude and ICF % did not reveal any significant changes.CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that cortical inhibition was decreased in diabetic patients with neuropathic pain compared with patients without pain. Furthermore, we also identified that five daily rTMS sessions restored the defective intracortical inhibition which related to improvement of neuropathic pain in diabetic patients.

Clinical efficacy of disinhibition and visual function training in children patients with anisometropic amblyopia / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of treatment <i>via</i> disinhibition and visual function training in children patients with anisometropic amblyopia. <p>METHODS: Eighty-three children patients with anisometropic amblyopia were enrolled in the prospective case control study. All patients were monocular amblyopia, which were randomly classified into 2 groups as a training group(44 cases)and a control group(39 cases). All patients had routine glasses and quantitative coverage, and were treated by the combination of both family and clinic training. Patients in both control and training groups were treated by amblyopia training instrument(light brush, red flash, grating, etc.)and fine stimulation training <i>via</i> computer software. Additionally, patients in the training group, whose corrected vision improved more than 0.6, were also exposed to other treatments including monocular adjustment function training, disinhibition training, binocular adjustment function training, binocular integration and fusion function training. Visual acuity and outcomes were statistically analyzed after 6mo. <p>RESULTS: No significant difference in the total effective rate of vision improvement between the two groups. However, the overall visual acuity difference between the two groups was statistically significant(<i>P</i><0.05). After disinhibition and visual function training, the number of patients with improvement in both far and near stereopsis in the training group was significantly greater than that in the control group(<i>P</i><0.05). <p>CONCLUSION: Combinational treatment with disinhibition and binocular visual function training enhances the competitiveness of amblyopic eyes and eliminate inhibition, which is accompanied by improved visual acuity and ameliorated visual function in children patients with anisometropic amblyopia.

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Increased Risks of Progression from Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer's Dementia

OBJECTIVES: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common in dementia and in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). They might be a predictor of progression to dementia. This study aimed to investigate the effects of NPS on the natural course in MCI. METHODS: 306 community-dwelling Korean elderly with MCI from local dementia center were assessed for NPS using Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Subjects were assessed again after more than a year from baseline. 52 subjects (17.0%) were progressed to dementia. We compared baseline NPI scores between stable and deteriorated groups. RESULTS: Subjects progressing to dementia had a significantly higher prevalence of NPS (45.3% vs. 65.4%) than subjects who remained stable. Delusion (2.8% vs. 9.6%), agitation/aggression (14.6% vs. 26.9%), depression (21.7% vs. 40.4%) and disinhibition (4.3% vs. 19.2%) were more common in deteriorated group. After adjustment for other variables, on logistic regression analysis, only disinhibition at baseline was shown to be a risk factor for progression to dementia (OR=4.88, 95% CI=1.37-17.36, p=0.01, R²=302). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that NPS in MCI may be a predictor of progression to dementia. NPS may be a useful item including delusion, agitation/aggression, depression, and disinhibition. To study course and nature of NPS may lead to better understanding of Alzheimer's disease.

Obesidad, conducta alimentaria e inseguridad alimentaria en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México / Obesity, eating behavior, and food insecurity among adolescents in Mexico City

Introducción. La inseguridad alimentaria se presenta cuando existe disponibilidad limitada de alimentos nutricionalmente adecuados. La desinhibición alimentaria se refiere al consumo excesivo de alimentos en ausencia de hambre. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la relación de la inseguridad alimentaria, la desinhibición alimentaria, el consumo de alimentos y la obesidad en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México. Métodos. Se realizó una encuesta transversal con una muestra de adolescentes de la Ciudad de México (N=543). La variable independiente fue la existencia de inseguridad alimentaria, la cual fue identificada con el U.S. Household Food-Security/Hunger Survey Module. Las variables dependientes fueron el consumo de alimentos, la desinhibición alimentaria (evaluada mediante una escala) y el estado de nutrición (sobrepeso por IMC para edad, obesidad por pliegues tricipital y subescapular y obesidad abdominal mediante la circunferencia de cintura). Para evaluar la existencia de asociaciones se estimaron modelos de regresión logística. Resultados. Los adolescentes que experimentaron inseguridad alimentaria tuvieron mayor probabilidad de presentar una forma de desinhibición alimentaria (hambre ante estímulos), mayor consumo de alimentos de origen animal y mayor prevalencia de obesidad abdominal. En los modelos de regresión logística se observó que el mayor riesgo de obesidad abdominal observado en los adolescentes con inseguridad alimentaria sin hambre se debía, en parte, a un indicador de desinhibición alimentaria (comer rápido). La inseguridad alimentaria no se relacionó con el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Conclusiones. En esta muestra de adolescentes, la inseguridad alimentaria se relacionó con mayor riesgo de obesidad abdominal. Se requieren más estudios para ahondar y confirmar el posible papel mediador de la desinhibición alimentaria.

Background. Food insecurity is presented when there is a limited availability of food that is nutritionally adequate. Food disinhibition refers to excessive eating in the absence of hunger. We analyzed the relationship among food insecurity, dietary disinhibition, food consumption and obesity in adolescents of Mexico City. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was carried out with a convenience sample (n = 543) of adolescents in Mexico City. Food insecurity was the independent variable and was assessed through the U.S. Household Food-Security/Hunger Survey Module. Food consumption, dietary disinhibition (assessed through an ad hoc inventory), and nutritional status (overweight using body mass index, obesity through triceps and subscapular skinfolds, abdominal obesity by waist circumference) were the dependent variables. Logistic regression models were estimated to assess the existence of associations. Results. Adolescents who experienced food insecurity had a higher probability of reporting an indicator of dietary disinhibition (hunger due to stimuli), higher intake of animal food and higher rate of abdominal obesity. In the logistic regression models it was observed that the higher probability of abdominal obesity among adolescents with food insecurity without hunger was partially due to another indicator of dietary disinhibition (fast eating). Conclusions. In this sample of adolescents, food insecurity was related to higher probability of abdominal obesity. More studies are necessary to explore this problem in depth and confirm the possible mediating role ofdietary disinhibition.

Endocannabinoid signalling is required for estrogen-dependent modulation of inhibitory transmission.

It has long been known that the classic female estrogen, 17β-estradiol (E2), is produced in multiple brain regions including the hypothalamus, hippocampus, as well as sensory areas such as the auditory and visual cortices (McEwen 2002; Woolley 2007; Jeong et al. 2011; Tremere et al. 2011; Pinaud and Tremere 2012). Importantly, this brain-generated E2, distinct from the gonadal hormone, exerts local effects by acting on estrogen receptors that are also expressed in these diverse brain areas. As such, E2 derived in the brain has been shown to play multiple functional roles ranging from sensory processing, reproductive biology and cognitive processes including those supporting learning and memory formation (McEwen 2002; Woolley 2007; McCarthy 2008; Pinaud and Tremere 2012). Notably, many of E2’s effects on neuronal physiology occur rapidly – on a scale of seconds; such rapidity is achieved by E2’s actions on the intrinsic and synaptic communication between neurons and via non-genomic mechanisms (Woolley 2007; Pinaud and Tremere 2012). The mechanistic bases of these actions are not well understood and vary across brain regions. In a recent article published in Neuron, Huang and Woolley (2012) shed significant light on the mechanisms through which E2 modulates synaptic transmission in the adult hippocampus, a brain structure heavily implicated in learning and memory (Huang and Woolley 2012). Specifically, the authors revealed a complex basis for E2’s suppressive effects on peri-somatic inhibitory neurotransmission for pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA1 subfield. Surprisingly, the effects of E2 on inhibitory transmission were sex specific, occurring in female, but not male, adult rats despite both being subjected to gonadectomization prior to the experiments. Huang and Woolley used hippocampal slices where recordings were obtained from CA1 pyramidal cells. Bath application of E2 was used to explore its impact on inhibitory neurotransmission. Interestingly, E2 largely suppressed the amplitude of both unitary and compound inhibitory post-synaptic currents (IPSCs), similar to findings obtained in other preparations (Tremere et al. 2009). The authors next demonstrated that such modulatory effects of E2 are mediated by the classic intracellular estrogen receptor α (ERα) given that PPT, a selective ERα agonist, produced effects that were identical to E2 on IPSC amplitude and pairedpulse ratios. No effects were detected for ERβ, as activation of this receptor subtype with a selective agonist (DPN) failed to impact E2-sensitive IPSCs. One of the most interesting twists of the Huang and Woolley studies was the finding that activation of ERα alone was not sufficient to alter inhibitory transmission. On CA1 neurons, suppression of inhibition requires both the actions of type-1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs) and metabotropic glutamate receptors, in particular mGluR1-containing receptors (Katona et al. 1999). Huang and Woolley showed, however, that in the absence of functional CB1R signalling, E2 is incapable of suppressing inhibitory responses, thereby establishing that E2’s actions at CA1 neurons depend on cannabinoid signalling through CB1Rs. Specifically, when CB1Rs were blocked, neither E2 nor the ERα agonist affected inhibitory neurotransmission. The reverse scenario was also true: activation of CB1Rs with a selective agonist could largely capture the E2-mediated suppression of IPSCs and paired pulse ratios. In light of the original discovery that E2’s effects were strongly connected to CB1R signalling, a deeper appreciation of this relationship was sought after by the authors. To this end, Huang and Woolley determined how manipulation of either endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) or

Neuro-Behcet's Disease Presented with Progressive Disinhibition

We report a man who presented with progressive disinhibition and through clinicoradiologic correlation using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), aim to investigate the pathomechanism of disinhibition in neuro-Behcet's disease (NBD). A 46-year-old man presented with progressive disinhibition and apathy for 4 months. One month after his visit, additionally, he developed left partial third nerve palsy. His brain MRI showed lesions in the ventral caudate nucleus as well as left midbrain and thalamus. Taking his recurrent oral ulcers, uveitis, and erythema nodosum into consideration, he was diagnosed with NBD. We found that progressive disinhibition could be one of presenting symptoms in BD and might be associated with the caudate nucleus. This finding suggests that involvement of the basal ganglia in BD prior to the involvement of the brainstem could result in unique clinical features such as behavioral changes without extrapyramidal signs.

Neuro-Behcet's Disease Presented with Progressive Disinhibition

We report a man who presented with progressive disinhibition and through clinicoradiologic correlation using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), aim to investigate the pathomechanism of disinhibition in neuro-Behcet's disease (NBD). A 46-year-old man presented with progressive disinhibition and apathy for 4 months. One month after his visit, additionally, he developed left partial third nerve palsy. His brain MRI showed lesions in the ventral caudate nucleus as well as left midbrain and thalamus. Taking his recurrent oral ulcers, uveitis, and erythema nodosum into consideration, he was diagnosed with NBD. We found that progressive disinhibition could be one of presenting symptoms in BD and might be associated with the caudate nucleus. This finding suggests that involvement of the basal ganglia in BD prior to the involvement of the brainstem could result in unique clinical features such as behavioral changes without extrapyramidal signs.

Study on the physiological changes of the late-onset depression during sleep / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore ihe physiological changes of the late-onset depressive(LOD) persons during sleep.Methods 15 cases of LOD patients formed a group and 10 healthy aging persons formed a control group.Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) was used to score the severity of depression and polysomnographic recorders were used to monitor the whole night long.The subjective feelings of the sleep and the daytime mental status were assessed in the morning.Results Compared with the controlde group, the LOD patients obviously possessed a disordered sleeping process: sleep efficiency was lower( ( 59.20 ± 2.90 ) %, ( 77.09 ± 1.55 ) %, P ＜0.01 ); their sleep latency was longer( (54.00 ± 4.97 ), ( 24.00 ± 2.91 ), P ＜ 0.01 ); the numbers of rapid eye movement(REM) sleep phase and rapid eye movement latency(REML) were strikingly different(P＜0.01 ).Compad with the control group, the LOD patients' awakening time and percent were significantly increased.Not only were the time and percentage of S2 sleep phase much higher, but the time of slow wave sleep was shorter.Besides,REM sleep activity, its density, and its intensity were raised (P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion There is a disturbance of the objective physiological indexes happening among the LOD patients.The increase of S2 sleeping time and percentage and the disinhibition of REM sleep can be used as the diagnosis indexes of LOD patients' specificity.